The Educational Course in the Acquisition of the Autonomy of Associazone Italiana Persone Down
Anna Contardi
The Associazione Italiana Persone Down is an association of families which acts as a reference point for the parents of children and adults affected by Down syndrome. To stimulate and sustain the growth of the autonomy of persons with Down syndrome, the first educational course aimed at developing a capacity for autonomy was introduced in the AIPD in Rome in 1989. The course, which was designed for boys and girls from 15 to 20 years, has been repeated every year with an ever greater participation and replicated in many other cities. The educational objectives proposed by the programme are grouped into five areas: communication, orientation, road behaviour, using money, shopping and more generally making use of services. All the youngsters involved exhibit change; at the end of the course all are able to cross roads by themselves, use a public telephone, ask information in order to resolve their difficulties and know how to go shopping. Furthermore, there are aspects of each persons personality, such as confidence in self, self-esteem, and the capacity to establish relations with others, which have undergone great changes in the direction of a greater knowledge. There is also structural development of their own identities, first and foremost as adolescents, and then as adolescents with certain limitations but nevertheless as adolescents able to do a wide variety of things.
Contardi A. The Educational Course in the Acquisition of the Autonomy of Associazone Italiana Persone Down. Down Syndrome Research and Practice. 1998;5(2);93-98.
doi:10.3104/practice.82
Introduction
In his development towards a state of autonomy, an infant with a disability
encounters two types of difficulty. On the one hand there is the difficulty
represented by the child's disability and on the other, attitudes of fear
and the ambivalence of the environment which interfere with the attainment
of the level of his or her potential autonomy, although this can nevertheless
be reached notwithstanding the disadvantages of the situation. Very frequently
parents, but also people in general who meet the child with a disability,
develop a protective and solicitous attitude towards the child that hinders
his acquisition of independence.
It almost seems as if people want to compensate for the unease created by
the disability by means of heightened affection and more permissive attitudes,
or that the child is held to be generally incapable and thus in need of
help and of someone who stands in for him on every occasion.
An idea has gained ground in recent years, among workers who deal with children
with developmental disabilities, namely the conviction, espoused with increasing
strength, of the importance of educating these children to be autonomous
as part of their personal development and their integration into society.
For these reasons, in dealing with families, the theme of developing the
capacity of the child's independence is introduced very early on in the
relations with the parents.
Many conquests, however, in the community field of independence are difficult
to reach in the family environment above all when this problem is dealt
with during adolescence; that is, the moment when adolescents with disabilities,
just like ordinary adolescents, begin to express a desire to detach themselves
from their parents and express irritation at parental attitudes.
At the same time it is also difficult for parents to recognise and accept
that their children are becoming adult. They must be helped in this process.
The theme, therefore, of educating children to develop their autonomy is
a matter of particular importance in adolescence.
The educational course
The Associazione Italiana Persone Down (AIPD) is an association of families
which acts as a reference point for the parents of children and adults affected
by Down syndrome.
To stimulate and sustain the growth of the autonomy of persons with Down
syndrome, the first educational course aimed at developing a capacity for
autonomy was introduced in the AIPD in Rome in 1989. The course, that was
designed for boys and girls from 15 to 20 years, has been repeated every
year with an ever greater participation and replicated in many other cities.
In order to face the problem of autonomy it is necessary to present oneself
as educator not only the objective of teaching some skills, but also that
of recognising and favouring the change from child to that of adolescent
and then adult. It therefore means creating a feeling and a way of relating
oneself to others, a mentality of trust and of respect towards the adolescent.
It is in such a climate that the adolescent may find greater motivation
to learn and may grow as a person in an ever more global manner.
The programme of the course has kept account of these premises and has,
therefore, at the same time developed its actions and turned its attention
in this direction.
The structure of the course
The educational course for the acquisition of autonomy, takes place in moments
of free time and takes the form of a series of afternoon meetings (of about
3 hours each).
Each adolescent meets up, once a week, with a group comprising 8-9 persons
with Down syndrome and 3-4 social workers. After a joint session the group
divides up into sub-groups of 2-3 persons with Down syndrome plus a social
worker and a volunteer worker.
It is possible to group the educational objectives proposed by the programme
into five areas:
- communication
- orientation
- road behaviour
- using money
- shopping and more generally making use of services.
Communication
This is the capacity to express one's own needs, desires, and thoughts,
not only among the persons familiar to us and who know us, but also in the
ambit of strangers. It is essential to develop the capacity to ask information,
explain what you need in shops and offices, provide personal information,
use the public telephone, both as a means for communicating with whoever
you wish to speak to and for calling for help in cases of difficulty. Possessing
these abilities along with any strategies for getting round personal language
difficulties are objectives to be pursued.
Orientation
It often happens that adolescents with Down syndrome are used to being guided
by their parents or by others in order to reach particular places. This
means that they may pay very little attention to the route taken, to reference
points, or to the street names. It is therefore, necessary that they increase
their capacity to look consciously about themselves in order to learn and
follow street signs, identify reference points, recognise bus-stops, taxi-ranks,
underground stations, ..
Street behaviour
The acquisition of adequate behaviour patterns enabling the young people
to move around by themselves and paying due attention to road vehicles and
pedestrian signs, is fundamental for external autonomy.
The use of money
The objective in this context is to enable the adolescent to make use of
money in order to make purchases by themselves. This means they must go
through various phases: understanding the meaning and the use of money as
a means of exchange, recognising the various denominations of bank notes
and coins, counting them, understanding the approximate value of the most
commonly used articles, reading the prices, providing the money requested,
understanding when change has to be received and how to count it.
The use of services
It is necessary to learn how to recognise and make adequate and familiar
use of shops and the most commonly used services.
This is a question of identifying shops which are useful for the purchase
of various products as well as understanding how to make use of markets
and supermarkets, and knowing how to use the principle public offices such
as the post-office, transport services and the most common forms of entertainment
such as bowling, cinema, fun-fairs, fast-food restaurants, etc.
The activities proposed to the young people cover all the foregoing areas
and concentrate on those interests which are typical of their age-group
(going to the cinema or the sandwich-bar), calendar events (Christmas lists
and shopping) or daily occurrences (personal purchases) and are sometimes
organised in exploration quests (such as a market study to identify the
most economic shop).
The psychological climate chosen for the objectives proposed by the course
is a recreational and gratifying social ambit in which the adolescents feel
themselves to be protagonists and thus their feeling of no longer being
children but "grown-up" is reinforced.
For this reason, as a vehicle for this experience, the "Teenagers' Club"
(Club dei ragazzi) has been created which the course participants belong
to, and duly receive a badge and membership card. This climate helps the
boys and girls to identify themselves as adolescents, stimulates communication
and creates bonds of friendship inside the group.
The principles and the methodology of work
In the design of the course-project and in the choice of the ways to carry
out the activities, certain principles have been identified which underlie
the entire manner of our work.
A relationship based upon "truth"
Great weight has been attached to motivation as a stimulus for all learning
activity, in the conviction that this will be the best motor for a type
of teaching which is based upon and remains a practical activity. This means,
for example, counting money in order to eat at a fast-food restaurant, using
the telephone to contact an absent friend, asking information in order to
reach a place chosen for the afternoon's activities,...
However, the boys and girls are very sensitive to the matter of real and
not fictitious motivations. None of them are happy to go and buy milk, for
example, if there is already milk in the fridge or if they all know that
their mother would go if they didn't.
At the same time this form of relationship reinforces the boys and girls
conviction of being responsible teenagers and worthy of the trust that adults
give them.
The active involvement of the boys and girls in the choice and running of
the activities.
This choice also is aimed at providing an incentive to the youngsters to
behave correctly and responsibly, thus enhancing their role as protagonists.
In addition to stimulating various types of minor concerns in the course
of the co-management by the youngsters of the choices on what to eat for
lunch or how to organise the week-end, this has led to the choice of working
together in small fixed groups (8-9 boys and girls a day) with occasional
further sub-divisions.
In order to further exploit student responsibility, every year two very
important activities are included in the course. The first is the drawing
up of a "set of rules" for the club. These are approved by all the members
and act as a means of reinforcing the sense of belonging to the club and
shifting judgements about good and bad conduct from the figure of the adult
educator to the group, that is to the youngsters themselves. Second, after
the first months the teenagers are given a short-list of highly practical
personal objectives which have to be reached through such as actions as
taking one's own group to the cinema (areas: communication, orientation,
use of money and services), making a telephone call. etc. The achievement
of these objectives is viewed as becoming quick-witted and capable, that
is more mature and responsible.
Consideration of their "no longer being children" and the explicit discussion
of this role change as a reinforcement for the acquisition of additional independence.
This is made possible also by the manner in which the educators address
the young people - in the language used, in the type of activity, appropriate
for teenagers, which are proposed as a way of passing the afternoon (cinema,
discotheque, bowling, fast-food, etc.), and in their advice on how to dress.
Personalised strategies
For each boy or girl, individual strategies are identified to make them
autonomous, which are based on their specific resources. For example, if
a boy is able to read he is encouraged to do so by having him recognise
the products in a shop. If he cannot read he is encouraged to recognise
the image of the product or the writing which appears on the box containing
the article. And if he has a good language skills he is encouraged to get
the others to help him by asking them questions etc.
Every skill to be acquired is seen not in terms of the skill itself and
by itself, but only in relation to the ultimate objective of autonomy and,
therefore, it is chosen in relation to this objective, as also in relation
to the capacities or difficulties of the individual boy or girl.
The methodology of work is globally characterised by a design approach whereby
each project is designed solely with reference to the objectives, the analysis
of the situation (the environment and the personnel) and the resources.
In carrying out of the activities certain "instruments" are also made use
of in order to facilitate the performance of certain tasks and to act as
means for reaching the chosen objectives of autonomy.
With the exception of the portfolio which has been studied and realised
especially for the youngsters, in choosing the instruments it has been noted
that it is possible, with a minimum of creativity and with accurate observation
of the teenagers and their difficulties, to find an endless number of "normal"
instruments (for example, the money-belt) which can facilitate the achievement
of a certain level of autonomy.
The staff
The work group which has designed and conducted the development experience
in these years comprises a co-ordinating social worker who directs the course
(A. Contardi) and 3-4 educators every year who directly follow the youngsters
with a ratio of course-participants to educators of 2:1 or 3:1 as well as
maintaining relations with the young people's families. The group is also
flanked by a large number of young volunteers (17-30 years old).
The youngsters - the results
None of youngsters who participated in the course over these years underwent
a selection test of any kind, except for that of age: they had to be between
15 and 20, the families had to explicitly accept the objectives of the course
and the ways they were realised.
All the participants were placed in a course structured over three years,
in which the first year is generally dedicated to the discovery of the first
types of autonomy and also that of feeling himself to be grown up. The second
year is taken up with the acquisition of additional skills and the third
with their consolidation. General and personal objectives are fixed for
each of the participants. At the beginning of the course and subsequently,
at least two times every year, evaluations are made of the changes in the
youngsters by making use of specially drawn up structured observation grids,
which are compiled during the sessions.
The youngsters who participated in the Rome courses were employed in the
mornings in various educational and occupational activities.
As regards the level of autonomy at the beginning of the course we were
presented with a great variability which did not however appear correlated
with the higher or lower scholastic levels attained. Right from our initial
conversations, we understood that often the absence of capacity, in the
sense of autonomy, was related to the scarce or complete lack of opportunities
offered in the past. The parents often replied to our questions with expression
such as "I don't know, we never tried". Even where such ability existed
it was often present in only a haphazard fashion the result more of casual
experience than of any precise educational objective.
It is interesting to consider some of the data on the skills acquired by
the youngsters which we have identified as significant signposts on their
path to autonomy.
Table 1 shows the data regarding the path taken by youngsters who have completed
the first cycle of the three year course.
Table 1: Skills exhibited by youngsters in the first cycle.
(Total youngsters: 16)
| Ability |
|
Beginning Year 1 |
End Year 3 |
| Crossing roads by oneself |
Yes |
7 |
44% |
15 |
94% |
| No |
3 |
19% |
|
|
| With difficulty |
6 |
37% |
1 |
6% |
| Using a public telephone |
Yes |
11 |
69% |
16 |
100% |
| No |
2 |
12% |
|
|
| With difficulty |
3 |
19% |
|
|
| Knowledge of personal details |
Yes |
11 |
69% |
16 |
100% |
| No |
5 |
31% |
- |
|
| With difficulty |
- |
- |
- |
|
| Use of money |
Yes |
2 |
2% |
13 |
81% |
| No |
4 |
25% |
|
|
| With difficulty |
10 |
62% |
3 |
19% |
| Asking information from strangers |
Yes |
7 |
44% |
14 |
87% |
| No |
5 |
31% |
|
|
| With difficulty |
4 |
25% |
2 |
12% |
As can be seen, apart from the various differences, all the youngsters exhibit
change. All are now able to cross roads by themselves, use a public telephone,
ask information in order to resolve their difficulties and, apart from a
little uncertainty, all know how to go shopping for minor items. Furthermore,
there are aspects of each youngsters personality, such as confidence in
himself, self-esteem, and the capacity to establish relations with others,
which have undergone great changes in the direction of a greater knowledge
and structural development of their own identities, first and foremost as
adolescents, and then as adolescents with certain limitations but nevertheless
as adolescents able to do a wide variety of things.
Identity is also constructed through relationships with tasks and with others,
and the requests and relationships developed in these years have made an
important contribution.
This has made it possible for us together with the youngsters to consider
being a person with Down syndrome which, conducted through particularly
"active" procedures, made it possible for us to verify their understanding
of this condition and the difficulties that it led to. It also enabled us
to bring out the positive aspects of the young people, the things that they
knew and could do notwithstanding their condition.
Conclusions
Beyond the specific context in which these experiences have been conducted
- an association of families - the programme constitutes a valuable stimulus
for thought to whoever operates with persons affected by Down syndrome and
more generally with persons with developmental disability.
From the point of view of the analysis of the capacity of such persons,
our experience illustrates that there are still many unexplored possibilities
for development, even for teenagers and young adults, and furthermore, that
the ambit of social participation offers stimuli and opportunities for further
growth.
From the methodological point of view, the experience as presented, offers
indications for the organisation of educational actions which can be included
in many environments, the family, the school, professional training, free-time,
work but the urgent need for such action can no longer be ignored.
From the point of view of the objectives of an educational project for persons
with disabilities, it has shown that the growth of the autonomy should proceed
in the direction of integration, understood as the capacity to make use
of that which is already known as well as that which is not known. Autonomy
is not a matter of doing everything by oneself; it is knowing how to collaborate,
ask and put information together.
In order to proceed in this direction it is necessary to exalt the value
of the individual, sustain his dignity and recognise his coming of age.
Today educational courses for the acquisition of autonomy are given not
only in Rome but also in other cities (Oristano, Pisa, Viterbo, Formia,
Bari, Avellino, Reggio Calabria, Milano, Teramo, Campobasso ) and as regards
the methodology of the course various application have been made in the
context of public and private services all of which making use of AIPD consultancy.
The experience of the course has given rise to other projects in which people
with Down syndrome figure as protagonists of their future: free-time agencies,
Casapiy (an experience of living on one' own), inclusion in work training
projects.
However, besides the positive results which have been obtained with and
for people with Down syndrome, we also came to understand that the course
helped modify the image that people in general held of persons with Down
syndrome: the shopkeepers in the district where for the first time the experiment
was conducted have today a quite different attitude towards Down persons
when they enter into their shops. They have learned to understand and wait,
and to attempt to understand the desires of the person in front of them.
They have learned to understand him as a Person.
In order to make the course known and reproducible, the team which developed
it has also published a book on the course (A. Contardi, "Liberta
possibile" [the freedom possible] publisher, La Nuova Italia Scientifica)
and produced a promotional video, "Ragazzi in gamba" [Clever kids].
Note: From a paper presented in October 1997, at The 6th World Congress
on Down Syndrome, Madrid, Spain.
Correspondence
A. Contardi. Social Worker. Associazione Italiana Persone Down. Viale delle
Milizie 106 00192. Rome. Italy. Telephone/fax: +39 6 372 2510. E-mail:
aipd@flashnet.it